Reading Practice: Why companies should welcome disorder

A Organisation is big business. Whether it is of our lives – all those inboxes and calendars – or how companies are structured, a multi-billion dollar industry helps to meet this need.

We have more strategies for time management, project management and self-organisation than at any other time in human history. We are told that we ought to organize our company, our home life, our week, our day and seven our sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive. Every week, countless seminars and workshops take place around the world to tell a paying public that they ought to structure their lives in order to achieve this.

This rhetoric has also crept into the thinking of business leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the delight of self-proclaimed perfectionists with the need to get everything right. The number of business schools and graduates has massively increased over the past 50 years, essentially teaching people how to organise well.

B Ironically, however, the number of business that fail has also steadily increased. Work-related stress has increased. A large proportion of workers from all demographics claim to be dissatisfied with the way their work is structured and the way they are managed.

This begs the question: what has gone wrong? Why is it that on paper the drive for organisation seems a sure shot for increasing productivity, but in reality falls well short of what is expected?

C This has been a problem for a while now. Frederick Taylor was one of the forefathers of scientific management. Writing in the first half of the 20th century, he designed a number of principles to improve the efficiency of the work process, which have since become widespread in modern companies. So the approach has been around for a while.

D New research suggests that this obsession with efficiency is misguided. The problem is not necessarily the management theories or strategies we use to organise our work; it’s the basic assumptions we hold in approaching how we work. Here it’s the assumption that order is a necessary condition for productivity. This assumption has also fostered the idea that disorder must be detrimental to organizational productivity. The result is that businesses and people spend time and money organising themselves for the sake of organising, rather than actually looking at the end goal and usefulness of such an effort.

E What’s more, recent studies show that order actually has diminishing returns. Order does increase productivity to a certain extent, but eventually the usefulness of the process of organisation, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point where any further increase in order reduces productivity. Some argue that in a business, if the cost of formally structuring something outweighs the benefit of doing it, then that thing ought not to be formally structured. Instead, the resources involved can be better used elsewhere.

F In fact, research shows that, when innovating, the best approach is to create an environment devoid of structure and hierarchy and enable everyone involved to engage as one organic group. These environments can lead to new solutions that, under conventionally structured environments (filled with bottlenecks in term of information flow, power structures, rules, and routines) would never be reached.

G In recent times companies have slowly started to embrace this disorganisation. Many of them embrace it in terms of perception (embracing the idea of disorder, as opposed to fearing it) and in terms of process (putting mechanisms in place to reduce structure).

For example, Oticon, a large Danish manufacturer of hearing aids, used what it called a ‘spaghetti’ structure in order to reduce the organisation’s rigid hierarchies. This involved scrapping formal job titles and giving staff huge amounts of ownership over their own time and projects. This approach proved to be highly successful initially, with clear improvements in worker productivity in all facets of the business.

In similar fashion, the former chairman of General Electric embraced disorganisation, putting forward the idea of the ‘boundaryless’ organisation. Again, it involves breaking down the barriers between different parts of a company and encouraging virtual collaboration and flexible working. Google and a number of other tech companies have embraced (at least in part) these kinds of flexible structures, facilitated by technology and strong company values which glue people together.

H A word of warning to others thinking of jumping on this bandwagon: the evidence so far suggests disorder, much like order, also seems to have diminishing utility, and can also have detrimental effects on performance if overused. Like order, disorder should be embraced only so far as it is useful. But we should not fear it – nor venerate one over the other. This research also shows that we should continually question whether or not our existing assumptions work.

Questions 1-8

Reading Passage has eight sections, A-H

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i       Complaints about the impact of a certain approach

ii      Fundamental beliefs that are in fact incorrect

iii     Early recommendations concerning business activities

iv     Organisations that put a new approach into practice

v       Companies that have suffered from changing their approach

vi     What people are increasingly expected to do

vii    How to achieve outcomes that are currently impossible

viii   Neither approach guarantees continuous improvement

ix     Evidence that a certain approach can have more disadvantages that advantages

1. Section A
2. Section B
3. Section C
4. Section D
5. Section E
6. Section F
7. Section G
8. Section H

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Questions 9-11

Complete the sentences below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 9-11 on your answer sheet.

9   Numerous training sessions are aimed at people who feel they are not ………………………. enough.

10   Being organised appeals to people who regard themselves as ……………………………

11   Many people feel ……………………….. with aspects of their work.

Questions 12-14

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

In boxes 12-14 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE           if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE          if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN    if there is no information on this

12   Both businesses and people aim at order without really considering its value.

13   Innovation is most successful if the people involved have distinct roles.

14   Google was inspired to adopt flexibility by the success of General Electric.

Answers:

1.  vi (Đoạn A, “We are told that…achieve this” -> Những điều con người mong muốn để sắp xếp lại trật tự nơi công sở)
2. i (Đoạn B, “Ironically, … are managed” -> Tác giả than phiền về các vấn đề có thể gặp phải khi áp dụng phương pháp đó)
3. iii (Đoạn C, “Writing in the first half of the 20th century…” -> từ ngày xưa đã có recommendations) 
4. ii ( Đoạn D, “New research suggests…misguided” -> Thông tin bị sai lệch)
5. ix (Đoạn E, “What’s more, recent studies showed…” -> Bằng chứng về những tác hại nhiều hơn là mặt lợi)
6. vii (Đoạn F, “These recommendations … never be reached” -> Những điều này không thể nào thực hiện được)
7. iv (Đoạn G, “Danish manufacturer…” -> Tổ chức đã thực hiện phương pháp này)
8. viii (Đoạn H, “This research also shows that … assumptions work” -> Không có sự đảm bảo rằng những phương pháp này sẽ thành công)
9. Productive (Đoạn A, “We are told that we ought to organize our company, our home life, our week, our day and seven our sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive.”)
10. Perfectionists (Đoạn A, “This rhetoric has also crept into the thinking of business leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the delight of self-proclaimed perfectionists with the need to get everything right.”)
11. Dissatisfied (Đoạn B, “A large proportion of workers from all demographics claim to be dissatisfied with the way their work is structured and the way they are managed.”)
12. TRUE (Đoạn D, “The result is that…such an effort -> Con người quan tâm đến việc xây dựng trật tự doanh nghiệp hơn là mục tiêu cuối cùng -> Khớp với câu hỏi)
13. FALSE (Đoạn F, “In fact,…one organic group” -> Mọi người cần phải chung tay góp sức mới dẫn đến thành công chứ không phải chỉ làm tốt vai trò riêng rẽ -> Trái ngược với câu hỏi) 
14. NOT GIVEN (Không có thông tin về việc Google được truyền cảm hứng với General Electric)

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